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- Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Derecho, Department Memberadd
- Co-editor-in-Chief of The Journal of Juristic Papyrology and the series The Supplements to JJurP Member of the Sci... moreCo-editor-in-Chief of The Journal of Juristic Papyrology and the series The Supplements to JJurP
Member of the Scientific Board of Annaeus. Anales de la Tradición romanística. Sevilla
Member of the Scientific Board of Revue internationale des droit de l'Antiquité (RIDA). Liège
Member of the Scientific Board of Quaderni Lupensi, Lecceedit
This chapter surveys the most important original sources regarding the legal nature of marriage. It discusses the foremost problems with the legal and social construct of marriage in Roman society and surveys the chief scholarly debates... more
This chapter surveys the most important original sources regarding the legal nature of marriage. It discusses the foremost problems with the legal and social construct of marriage in Roman society and surveys the chief scholarly debates of the last century that shaped our vision of the Roman marriage. It argues that the essence of the legal view of Roman marriage is that no one may constrain another person to marry or stay married. Marriage remains the free choice of an individual and in this sense its construction, based on affectio maritalis, protects the autonomy of the spouses. This view, put forward by the jurists, was not widely accepted socially. In the light of the misogyny of our literary sources, what prompted them to opt for this legal construct of marriage remains an enigma. As with many areas of Roman family law modern scholars have been misled by appearances and preconceptions.
... w Kodeksie Teodozjańskim). Pomysł, by opuszczona żona mogła wtargnąć do domu byłego męża i zagarnąć posag swej następczyni, uznał Volterra za całkowicie obcy rzymskiej myśli prawniczej . Argumenty leksykalne, 35 ...
In this essay we apply Hirschl’s test on juristocracy to the Polish courts dealing with cases con- cerning LGBTQ+ rights. Furthermore, a brief overview of the landmark judgments in simi- lar cases rendered by selected national (Israel... more
In this essay we apply Hirschl’s test on juristocracy to the Polish courts dealing with cases con- cerning LGBTQ+ rights. Furthermore, a brief overview of the landmark judgments in simi- lar cases rendered by selected national (Israel Supreme Court, German Constitutional Court, and the U.S. Supreme Court) and pan-national (chiefly European Court of Human Rights, also Court of Justice of the European Union) courts is offered. All these judicial developments post- date publication of Towards Juristocracy and prove Hirschl right. This part of the chapter is fol- lowed by a sketch of the legal panorama of the present-day Poland, against which the legal stand- ing of the LGBTQ+ community is discussed. Finally, the most significant rulings of the Polish courts are analysed in order to appraise the validity Hirschl’s hypotheses. In conclusion, we at- tempt to explain the recent shift in the paradigm (the Polish courts have gradually departed from the initial reluctance to protect LGBTQ+ rights). We claim this change is owed to the assault on the Polish judiciary carried out by the parliamentary majority: in a way it has put the judges into the situation of an oppressed minority.
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Reguły prawne, ich treść, pochodzenie i zakres stosowania cieszą się niesłabnącym zainteresowaniem badaczy. W ostatnich dekadach temat ten, tradycyjnie przedmiot uwagi największych przedstawicieli naszej dyscypliny, brany jest na warsztat... more
Reguły prawne, ich treść, pochodzenie i zakres stosowania cieszą się niesłabnącym zainteresowaniem badaczy. W ostatnich dekadach temat ten, tradycyjnie przedmiot uwagi największych przedstawicieli naszej dyscypliny, brany jest na warsztat jeszcze częściej niż niegdyś. To nowe wzmożenie badawcze wynika z odwiecznego poszukiwania sensu naszej dyscypliny: a reguły prawne, z ich atrakcyjną łacińską postacią (nawet jeśli w formie często samym Rzymianom nieznanej), zdają się przydawać nowe tchnienie użyteczności prawu rzymskiemu w XXI w. Jawi się ono współczesnym jako rezerwuar powszechnie obowiązujących, a jednocześnie zrozumiałych reguł – norm. Przy okazji, te chwytliwe cytaty, gotowe do użycia w codziennym dyskursie przez współczesnych prawników, dowodzić mają, jak użyteczni i istotni być możemy dla współczesności. W prezentowanym eseju zajmuję się próbą rekonstrukcji dróg powstawania takich reguł, które do naszych czasów dotarły najczęściej odarte ze swego oryginalnego kontekstu. W ty...
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Barbara Anagnostou-Canas 1, Robert Carvais 1, Sylvie Daubresse 1, Louis De CarbonniÈres 1, José Javier De Los Mozos Touya, Sophie DÉmare-Lafont 1, Evanghélos KarabÉlias, Bernadette Menu, Monique Morgat-Bonnet 1, Philippe Paschel 1, Gian ...
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This chapter surveys the most important original sources regarding the legal nature of marriage. It discusses the foremost problems with the legal and social construct of marriage in Roman society and surveys the chief scholarly debates... more
This chapter surveys the most important original sources regarding the legal nature of marriage. It discusses the foremost problems with the legal and social construct of marriage in Roman society and surveys the chief scholarly debates of the last century that shaped our vision of the Roman marriage. It argues that the essence of the legal view of Roman marriage is that no one may constrain another person to marry or stay married. Marriage remains the free choice of an individual and in this sense its construction, based on affectio maritalis, protects the autonomy of the spouses. This view, put forward by the jurists, was not widely accepted socially. In the light of the misogyny of our literary sources, what prompted them to opt for this legal construct of marriage remains an enigma. As with many areas of Roman family law modern scholars have been misled by appearances and preconceptions.
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The paper discusses the postulated usefulness or otherwise of some Roman legal concepts today. It critically reappraises recent scholarly proposals that the Roman law of marriage serves as a model for modern regulation. Special attention... more
The paper discusses the postulated usefulness or otherwise of some Roman legal concepts today. It critically reappraises recent scholarly proposals that the Roman law of marriage serves as a model for modern regulation. Special attention is paid to the interpretation of D. 1.1.1.3 (Ulpian), and in particular to the meaning of the concept of ius naturale in this fragment, and its decidedly non-normative function.
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Table of contents: C. Cascione& C. Masi Doria, Prefazione -- vii A. Adamo, Di alcune ipotesi di colpa nella legislazione criminale del Codice Teodosiano -- 3 J.L. Alosno, Fault, strict liability, and risk in the law of the papyri -- 19 Z.... more
Table of contents: C. Cascione& C. Masi Doria, Prefazione -- vii A. Adamo, Di alcune ipotesi di colpa nella legislazione criminale del Codice Teodosiano -- 3 J.L. Alosno, Fault, strict liability, and risk in the law of the papyri -- 19 Z. Benincasa, Pro portionibus exercitionis conveniuntur. Sul problema della responsabilitadi plures exercitores qui per se navem exerceant -- 83 S. Kordasiewicz, La colpa e la responsabilitadel tutore -- 105 A. Manni, Noxae datio del cadavere e responsabilita-- 115 G. D. Merola, Accertamento della responsabilitae mantenimento dell'ordine il ruolo del centurione -- 159 N. Rampazzo, Note sulla responsabilitadel giudice e dell'arbitro nel processo romano -- 181 P.Swiecicka, La colpa aquiliana e il ragionamento dei giuristi romani. Alcune riflessioni sulla struttura dell'argomentazione e delle regole di preferenza nel discorso dogmatico giurisprudenziale in tema di danneggiamento -- 201 A. Tarwacka,"Censorial Stigma" and the Problem ...
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Commentaire de la Novelle 74 sur le statut de la femme, le mariage et la chastete. Le texte des juristes de Justinien est compare a P. Cair. Masp. I 67092 (21 septembre 553), qui est une petition adressee au riparius d’Aphrodite Flavius... more
Commentaire de la Novelle 74 sur le statut de la femme, le mariage et la chastete. Le texte des juristes de Justinien est compare a P. Cair. Masp. I 67092 (21 septembre 553), qui est une petition adressee au riparius d’Aphrodite Flavius Victor du nome antaeopolite par Aurelia Eirene ; celle-ci accuse un certain Makarios de lui avoir fait une promesse de mariage non respectee
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In this essay we apply Hirschl’s test on juristocracy to the Polish courts dealing with cases con- cerning LGBTQ+ rights. Furthermore, a brief overview of the landmark judgments in simi- lar cases rendered by selected national (Israel... more
In this essay we apply Hirschl’s test on juristocracy to the Polish courts dealing with cases con- cerning LGBTQ+ rights. Furthermore, a brief overview of the landmark judgments in simi- lar cases rendered by selected national (Israel Supreme Court, German Constitutional Court, and the U.S. Supreme Court) and pan-national (chiefly European Court of Human Rights, also Court of Justice of the European Union) courts is offered. All these judicial developments post- date publication of Towards Juristocracy and prove Hirschl right. This part of the chapter is fol- lowed by a sketch of the legal panorama of the present-day Poland, against which the legal stand- ing of the LGBTQ+ community is discussed. Finally, the most significant rulings of the Polish courts are analysed in order to appraise the validity Hirschl’s hypotheses. In conclusion, we at- tempt to explain the recent shift in the paradigm (the Polish courts have gradually departed from the initial reluctance to protect LGBTQ+ rights). We claim this change is owed to the assault on the Polish judiciary carried out by the parliamentary majority: in a way it has put the judges into the situation of an oppressed minority.
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The paper by Barbara Anagnostou-Canas touched upon a number of subjects and ideas. She dealt first with the possible ways of establishing the bond of filiation and the exposed different legal effects that result from the said relation. As... more
The paper by Barbara Anagnostou-Canas touched upon a number of subjects and ideas. She dealt first with the possible ways of establishing the bond of filiation and the exposed different legal effects that result from the said relation. As the topic chosen by Barbara Canas is ...
The Formality of Divorce under the Classical Roman Law: D. 24.2.9 and Augustean DIVORTIIS MODUM IMPONERESummaryThe present article critically reexamines the classical sources on divorce. The key text, D. 24,2,9, Paul’s commentary on... more
The Formality of Divorce under the Classical Roman Law: D. 24.2.9 and Augustean DIVORTIIS MODUM IMPONERESummaryThe present article critically reexamines the classical sources on divorce. The key text, D. 24,2,9, Paul’s commentary on Julian Law on Adulteries is confronted with the fragments in which the jurisprudence addressed the troublesome issue of establishing the moment of real divorce (D. 24,1,64; 25,2,11 pr.; 23,2,33 & Frag.Vat. 106-107). The traditional scholarship (P. Bonfante, G. Longo, S. Solazzi, E. Volterra, O. Robleda, J. Huber) is evaluated, with a particularly critical approach to the most recent studies of R. Astolfi. In the second part, the sources, prima facie, deposing in favour of the general application the divorce procedure in D. 24,2,9, are taken into consideration (D. 24,1,35; 38,1,11 and D. 48,5,44/43/). A new interpretation is presented in regards to the vexed problem of legitima observatio in D. 24,1,35. Finally, a duplex interpretatio is postulated for th...
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In each given society, the admissibility of divorce or its exclusion will result from the socially recognized function of marriage and its socially adopted form. It may thus be delimited by the procreation function of marriage, its... more
In each given society, the admissibility of divorce or its exclusion will result from the socially recognized function of marriage and its socially adopted form. It may thus be delimited by the procreation function of marriage, its binding and relation-creating character for the society, accepted religious role or its (public) moral aspect. In this paper I intend to present a very general overview of the issue using a test case – divorce imposed by the father of the spouse(s), especially of the bride – which, could help to show the decision of whether or not (and how) a marriage may be dissolved is directly linked the protection of the goods identified by the law-maker.
By comparing the Roman and Greek (Athenian) model it is put forward that, all in all, they are not necessarily antithetic. Both -- proven by, among others, the case of Dionysia -- demonstrate the tension between the rule of law and the social power. The legal experts who developed the classical legal construct of Roman marriage, freely contactable and freely dissoluble by the will only of the spouses, clearly had in mind the protection of freedom to express this will by the spouses themselves, without any external influence considered undue. This influence was much more likely in the case of socially and legally weaker subjects, the women, and children, especially those in potestate.
By comparing the Roman and Greek (Athenian) model it is put forward that, all in all, they are not necessarily antithetic. Both -- proven by, among others, the case of Dionysia -- demonstrate the tension between the rule of law and the social power. The legal experts who developed the classical legal construct of Roman marriage, freely contactable and freely dissoluble by the will only of the spouses, clearly had in mind the protection of freedom to express this will by the spouses themselves, without any external influence considered undue. This influence was much more likely in the case of socially and legally weaker subjects, the women, and children, especially those in potestate.
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DILIGENT CARPENTERS IN DIOSKOROS’ PAPYRI AND THE JUSTINIANIC (?) STANDARD OF DILIGENCE*
ON P. CAIRO MASP. II 67158 AND 67159
ON P. CAIRO MASP. II 67158 AND 67159
Modern scholarship has devoted much attention to pignus and hypotheca as forms of real security in classical Roman law.1 The same could be said about the research on the practical application of these forms, or vice versa, the apparent... more
Modern scholarship has devoted much attention to pignus and hypotheca as forms of real security in classical Roman law.1 The same could be said about the research on the practical application of these forms, or vice versa, the apparent practical origins of the later dogmatic forms: there has been an extensive study on real securities in Greek and Hellenistic traditions. Much attention has been also devoted to the documents constituting, revoking, and accepting a real security in the Demotic and Graeco-Roman legal traditions in Egypt. Thanks above all to the classical studies of Andreas Bertalan Schwartz, we understand much better the system of ‘real’ – in the civil law vocabulary – securities for debt in the law of papyri.2 However, apart from Steinwenter’s remarks in his Recht der koptischen Urkunden, the Byzantine practice and doc- trine remains of much less scientific interest. Yet, my purpose in this paper is not to provide an all-embracing general overview of Byzantine securities, even thought they merit particular attention in themselves, but to discuss their particularity. The deeds of legal practice bring about a few cases of guarantees of obligations in the form of transfer of ownership. The papyri studied belong to dossier of the Melitian Monks in Labla (P. Dub. 31, 32, 33) and to the Archive of Parmouthis and Kako.
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A paper on marriage-contracting formalities as introduced by Justinian with an illustration from the Archive of Dioskoros.
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This paper has been growing in layers. It started with a study of a deed of slave-sale preserved in the inexhaustible archives of Dioscoros. Naturally, I had to pay attention the meaning of the clauses the contract stipulated and so I... more
This paper has been growing in layers. It started with a study of a deed of slave-sale preserved in the inexhaustible archives of Dioscoros. Naturally, I had to pay attention the meaning of the clauses the contract stipulated and so I studied its contemporary counterparts. In this way I came across the old, but still vivid, vexed question of the meaning of the word epaphe in the warranty clause. The second part of the article is entirely devoted to this question (sections 4 & 5), I hope to have been able to prove that its explanation offered in the most recent works of the subject cannot be accepted and so the case will finally rest, contrary the prophesy of Bernhard Kübler, who seems to have lost hope in any happy ending of the controversy, when he entitled his last piece on the question ‘Ἐπαφή ohne Ende?’ and ended it with a radical, yet, methinks pessimistic: ‘[i]ch schreib nicht aus Rechthaberei, sondern aus dem Drang, die Wahrheit zu erkennen und ihr zum Siege zu verhelfen’
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The present paper, inspired by the article of Peter van Minnen, is devoted to the somewhat curious use of the term falkidion in three Dioskorean texts. In two deeds of disinheritation, P.Cair.Masp. III 67353 & I 67097 v° D, the Aphrodite... more
The present paper, inspired by the article of Peter van Minnen, is devoted to the somewhat curious use of the term falkidion in three Dioskorean texts. In two deeds of disinheritation, P.Cair.Masp. III 67353 & I 67097 v° D, the Aphrodite Lawyer seems to have confused two distinct legal terms: quarta Falcidia and the portio debita/legitima (νόμιμος μοῖρα). In the third case, a will (P.Cair.Masp. III 67312), the term falkidion was applied in its classically correct meaning. The scholarship usually deemed the Dioskorean misconception of falkidion to have resulted from the common error of the Byzantine jurisprudence which had apparently applied it wrongly to describe legitim. Peter van Minnen thought that the notary’s seeming imprecision was rather due to his up-to-date legal education, as the Justinianic jurisprudence would have implicitly equalled the two concepts. The research of the Byzantine juristic sources proves however, that the legal texts – especially these of the Justinian’s era – almost always keep a clear distinction between these two legal institutes. After an examination of the dubious cases, the postulated identification is only ascertained in case of two works of scholarly use, Epitomae Novellarum of Julian and of Athanasius of Emesa. Subsequently the confrontation of some pre-justinianic legal sources allows to formulate a hypothesis that the justinianic compilers tried to recover the original meaning of falkidion. This supposition, in turn, may not only provide for better understanding of Dioskoros’s juristic expertise and his practical activity, but also illustrate the apparent contradictions between the pure imperial law, the legal practice and the teaching of law, based – one may speculate – still after the codification upon the pre-codified version of the law.
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The case of Dionysia has been examined and re-examined many times by the most eminent scholars. Yet we think that it may still be worth reconsidering certain aspects of this extremely interesting papyrus. In the present paper we shall... more
The case of Dionysia has been examined and re-examined many times by the most eminent scholars. Yet we think that it may still be worth reconsidering certain aspects of this extremely interesting papyrus. In the present paper we shall focus on the mention of ἀνανθρωπία – ‘inhumanity’ in one of the cases cited by Dionysia while arguing her legal standing versus the claims of her father Chairemon. We think it will be of value to discuss this aspect in a broader context, comparing the argumentation in the papyrus with the use of humanity and inhumanity in judicial reasoning by the Roman jurists and emperors.
1. Humanitas and the myth of Roman law
2. Humanitas and the Roman construction of marriage
3. The case of Dionysia or ‘applied’ Humanitas
4. Inhumanity in the juridical sources
1. Humanitas and the myth of Roman law
2. Humanitas and the Roman construction of marriage
3. The case of Dionysia or ‘applied’ Humanitas
4. Inhumanity in the juridical sources
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THIS PAPER IS TO TELL a story of a marriage, or rather the circumstances of its termination. This seemingly simple legal case from everyday life will serve as a pretext to show how different factors, legal orders and customs interweave in... more
THIS PAPER IS TO TELL a story of a marriage, or rather the circumstances of its termination. This seemingly simple legal case from everyday life will serve as a pretext to show how different factors, legal orders and customs interweave in everyday life, creating this legal framework in which individ- uals, just regular, legally-uneducated (or perhaps even better: legally-illiter- ate) people act and live. Far from being a unified system, this legal structure was a hotchpotch of many different elements, the true ius: broth, bouillon, the edible end-result of mixing and long cooking of different ingredients). The issue in question is a divorce-case, which occurred between rev- erend Ioannes and his wife Nonna. The papyrus which documents this dissolution, P. Nessana III 57 comes from the ancient Nessana (modern Auja el-Hafir) in Palestine.
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The paper examines the practice of slaves taking part in sponsio as recorded by three documents from the Archive of Sulpici from Puteoli:
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Reguły prawne, ich treść, pochodzenie i zakres stosowania cieszą się niesłabnącym zainteresowaniem badaczy. W ostatnich dekadach temat ten, tradycyjnie przedmiot uwagi największych przedstawicieli naszej dyscypliny, brany jest na warsztat... more
Reguły prawne, ich treść, pochodzenie i zakres stosowania cieszą się niesłabnącym zainteresowaniem badaczy. W ostatnich dekadach temat ten, tradycyjnie przedmiot uwagi największych przedstawicieli naszej dyscypliny, brany jest na warsztat jeszcze częściej niż niegdyś. To nowe wzmożenie badawcze wynika z odwiecznego poszukiwania sensu naszej dyscypliny: a reguły prawne, z ich atrakcyjną łacińską postacią (nawet jeśli w formie często samym Rzymianom nieznanej), zdają się przydawać nowe tchnienie użyteczności prawu rzymskiemu w XXI w. Jawi się ono współczesnym jako rezerwuar powszechnie obowiązujących, a jednocześnie zrozumiałych reguł – norm. Przy okazji, te chwytliwe cytaty, gotowe do użycia w codziennym dyskursie przez współczesnych prawników, dowodzić mają, jak użyteczni i istotni być możemy dla współczesności. W prezentowanym eseju zajmuję się próbą rekonstrukcji dróg powstawania takich reguł, które do naszych czasów dotarły najczęściej odarte ze swego oryginalnego kontekstu. W tym celu przedstawiam dokumenty procesowe z Egiptu rzymskiego (protokoły postępowań, wyroki oraz decyzje sędziów, a także petycje stron). Znajdujemy w nich cytowane często w lakonicznej, epigramatycznej formie prawa (nomoi) czy też wcześniejsze decyzje jurysdykcyjne. Takie kategoryczne stwierdzenia, poddane „regulalizacji” przepisy prawa strony przywołują, chcąc jakby związać władzę sądową, by wydała pomyślne im rozstrzygnięcie. W tekście przedstawiam zatem użycia i nadużycia tak rozumianych reguł, szczegółowo zajmując się P. Oxy. II 237, P. Oxy.
XLII 3015 oraz SB XIV 12139.
XLII 3015 oraz SB XIV 12139.
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Scritti in onore di Maria Zabłocka
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THE PRESENT BOOK COLLECTS PAPERS delivered during the conference com- memorating the tenth anniversary of the death of Henryk Kupiszew- ski, eminent Romanist and Papyrologist, late Professor of Warsaw Uni- versity and the former Academy... more
THE PRESENT BOOK COLLECTS PAPERS delivered during the conference com- memorating the tenth anniversary of the death of Henryk Kupiszew- ski, eminent Romanist and Papyrologist, late Professor of Warsaw Uni- versity and the former Academy of Catholic Theology in Warsaw, now Stefan Cardinal Wyszyński University. This volume brings together not only his friends and students but also various topics that he used to work on. Important part of his scientific output had been dedicated to family relations in their social and legal aspects: a particularly broad subject, which allows and calls for a interdisciplinary research, a modern standard of studies on Antiquity.* Marriage as the Leitmotiv of the meeting com- memorating Henryk Kupiszewski suggested itself and seemed promising. We hoped it would stimulate a fruitful discussion employing different methodological tools, proper for all classical disciplines and presenting the multifaceted reality of marriage in the Graeco-Roman Antiquity. In this way we attempted at adding to the – still far from completeness – image of marriage between its dogmatic construction and its social reality as it emerges from legal sources, literature and last – but not least – prac- tice of the papyri.
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Andrzej S. Chankowski - OIPHEIN: Remarques sur les inscriptions rupestres de Thera et sur la theorie de la pederastie initiatique en Grece ancienne ; Veronique Chankowski - De l'argent jete dans les fontaines ? La " Minoe " de Delos et... more
Andrzej S. Chankowski - OIPHEIN: Remarques sur les inscriptions rupestres de Thera et sur la theorie de la pederastie initiatique en Grece ancienne ; Veronique Chankowski - De l'argent jete dans les fontaines ? La " Minoe " de Delos et les jarres du tresor sacre a la fin de l'Independance ; Tomasz Derda & Pawel Janiszewski - Soterichos Oasites Revisited; Pawel Janiszewski - Eunapius of Sardis and the Solar Eclipse During the Battle on the Frigidus River; Marek Jankowiak - L'accession au trone de Marcien vue de l'Occident: une usurpation legalisee ; Jakub Lesinski - Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus: A Dictator in 217 BC?; Adam Lajtar - Georgios, Archbishop of Dongola (died 1113) and His Epitaph; Tomasz Markiewicz - P. Duke inv. 469: A Papyrus Illustrating sacramentum corporaliter praestitum in Coptic Egypt; Przemyslaw Nehring - Warum ist das gemeinschaftliche Eigentum besser als das Privateigentum? Ein Beispiel fuer die rhetorische Argumentation des heiligen Au-gus-tin in der Auslegung des Psalmes 131 (Enarr. in Ps. CXXXI 5-7); Lukasz Niesiolowski-Spano - Biblical Prophet Amos - A Simple, Poor Shepherd From Judah?; Jerzy Rohozinski - Ritual Violence and Society in Maghreb. Regarding a Passage of St. Augustine's De doctrina Christiana; Jacek Rzepka - Ethnos, koinon, sympoliteia, and Greek Federal States; Piotr Siejkowski - Clement's View on the Mystical THEORIA. An Introduction to Clement's View on Mystical Experience; Krystyna Stebnicka - The Second Sophistic in Palestine, the Rabbinical Writings and Diocletian; Robert Suski - Aurelian and the Senate. A Few Remarks upon Emperor Aurelian's Policy of Political Nominations; Jakub Urbanik - D. 24.2.4: '...patrem tamen eius nuntium mittere posse...' - l'influsso della volonte del padre sul divorzio dei sottoposti; Marek Wecowski - Towards a Definition of the Symposion; Robert Wisniewski - Suspended in the Air. On a Peculiar Case of Exorcism in Late Ancient Christian Literature; Aleksander Wolicki - Herodote, interpolations et la societe spartiate.