Countermarks on the coins struck in Cyrenaica under Tiberius, Palamedes 5, 2010

Address: Institute of History University of Warsaw Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28 00-927 Warsaw, Poland www.palamedes.uw.edu.pl palamedes@uw.edu.pl Editors: Piotr Berdowski (University of Rzeszów) Łukasz Niesiołowski-Spanò (University of Warsaw) Krystyna Stebnicka (University of Warsaw) Marek Węcowski (University of Warsaw) Aleksander Wolicki (University of Warsaw) Editorial Board: Benedetto Bravo (emeritus, University of Warsaw) Juliusz Domański (emeritus, University of Warsaw) Jerzy Kolendo (emeritus, University of Warsaw) Włodzimierz Lengauer (University of Warsaw) Jerzy Linderski (emeritus, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill) Maciej Popko (University of Warsaw) Ewa Wipszycka (emerita, University of Warsaw) Stefan Zawadzki (Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań) Adam Ziółkowski (University of Warsaw) Copyright @ 2011 by Lockwood Press, PO Box 133289 Atlanta, Goergia 30333 www.lockwoodpress.com C ONTENTS Witold Tyborowski, ŠAMAŠ-HASIR AND THE BABYLONIAN RULE IN SOUTHERN ¸ MESOPOTAMIA UNDER HAMMURABI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anna K. Prostko-Prostyńska, TWELVE HORSES FOR SARGON II. SOME REMARKS ON THE ASSYRIAN CAMPAIGN TO THE SOUTHWEST OF PALESTINE IN 716 B.C. Sergei G. Karpyuk, THUCYDIDES ON 5 17 23 37 ISLANDS AND ISLANDERS . . . . . . . . Adam Pałuchowski, LA PROPRIÉTÉ FONCIÈRE PRIVÉE ET LA MAIN-D’ŒUVRE SERVILE EN CRÈTE AUX ÉPOQUES HELLÉNISTIQUE ET ROMAINE . . . . . . . . . . . . Emanuele Santamato, DEVERSORIUM, MERITORIUM, CELLAE: PRATICHE AFFITTUARIE NELLA ROMA ANTICA E GESTIONE AMMINISTRATIVA DELL’ HABITARE TRA CESARE E AUGUSTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sabina Crippa, MAGIC AND RATIONALITY IN PLINY. TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE: THE MEDICAL-MAGICAL PHARMACOPOEIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bartosz Wojciechowski, ATHLETIC GAMES IN THE ROMAN LEVANT . . . . . . Kostas Buraselis, INSOLENCE AND SERVILITY. AELIUS ARISTIDES AS CRITIC OF GREEK CIVIC POLICIES IN THE PROVINCIA ASIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 115 127 151 Varia Piotr Jaworski, COUNTERMARKS ON THE COINS STRUCK IN CYRENAICA UNDER TIBERIUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adam Łajtar, TWO HONORIFIC MONUMENTS FOR GOVERNORS OF SYRIA PALAESTINAE IN HIPPOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PALAMEDES 5 (2010) 167 177 3 Contents Paweł Nowakowski, A SUPPOSED HONORIFIC INSCRIPTION FOR IULIA MAMMAEA IN CYPRUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adam Łukaszewicz, SARDINES IN AN ANCIENT MENU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 193 Reviews Edward Lipiński, Prawo bliskowschodnie w starożytności. Wprowadzenie historyczne [Oriental Law in Antiquity. Historical Introduction], (Lena Fijałkowska) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Izabela Eph‘al-Jaruzelska, Prophets, Royal Legitimacy and War in Ancient Israel, (Piotr Briks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Victor David Hanson (ed.), Makers of Ancient Strategy: From the Persian Wars to the Fall of Rome, (Aleksander Wolicki) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duane W. Roller, Eratosthenes’ Geography. Fragments Collected and Translated with a Commentary and Additional Material, (Benedetto Bravo) . . . Alexander Demandt, Die Spätantike. Römische Geschichte von Diocletian bis Justinian 284–565 n. Chr. Vollständig bearbeitete und erweiterte Neuauflage, (Jan Prostko-Prostyński) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BOOKS OF INTEREST (Miron Wolny) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 199 207 215 225 229 4 PALAMEDES 5 (2010) Piotr Jaworski OUNTERMARKS ON THE COINS STRUCK IN CYRENAICA UNDER TIBERIUS C C ountermarked coins of Roman Cyrenaica are exceptionally rare finds. Only two specimens were known until recently: a dupondius struck by an official named Scato, the reverse of which bears three countermarks1 (only one of them legible), and one countermarked dupondius of Tiberius2 (Fig. 1), commemorating Drusus the Younger and his sons. The nature of the countermarks on the former of these coins, for which there are no parallels, remains obscure. Recently, however, it was possible to obtain comparative material for the second of the abovementioned coins. Two counterFig. 1. Obverse of countermarked duponmarked coins from Roman Cyrenaica were dius of Tiberius struck in Cyrene (GIC discovered in 2006 during excavation works 419, pl. 16) conducted in Ptolemais by the mission of the Institute of Archaeology at the University of Warsaw. The third specimen has recently been documented in a private numismatic collection in Poland, which 1 2 List of bibliographical abbreviations used in this paper: BMCCyr – E.S.G. Robinson, Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Cyrenaica, London 1927; GIC – C.J. Howgego, Greek Imperial Countermarks. Studies in the Provincial Coinage of the Roman Empire, London 1985; RIC – C.H.V. Sutherland (ed.), The Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. 1 (revised edition), London 1984; RPC I – A. Burnett, M. Amandry, P.P. Ripollès, The Roman Provincial Coinage, vol. I 1, London–Paris 1992. Coin from the British Museum collection: BMCCyr 38, 119; GIC 723, 249, pl. 27. Coin from the Milan collection: G. Nicodemi, Catalogo delle raccolte numismatiche del Castello Sforzesco, Milano 1938–40, no. 815; GIC 419 (185, pl. 16). 167 PALAMEDES 5 (2010) Piotr Jaworski Fig. 2. Dupondii of Tiberius found in Cyrenaica: A. Polish excavations in Ptolemais, B. Museum at Ptolemais, C. Private collection, D. Polish excavations in Ptolemais comprises coins brought from Cyrenaica. These coins, as in the case of the hitherto isolated Milan specimen, commemorate Drusus and have analogous countermarks on the obverses. The discovery of the abovementioned examples allows a closer look at these countermarks, which until today could not be fully identified and interpreted for lack of parallels.3 The coinage of Tiberius in Cyrenaica After a long time gap in issuing bronze coinage for the local market by the mint of Cyrene (the coins in question were circulated under Augustus by: Scato,4 Capito5 and Palicanus6), a certain amount of currency was issued ca. A.D. 237), in three denominations adjusted to the Roman weight standards established by the Augustan reform.8 They were: dupondii (Fig. 2), asses, and semisses9 (Fig. 3), whose 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cf. GIC, 185: ‘(…) the type of the countermark is not certain’. RPC I, 942–945, 228, cf. 225, 226; BMCCyr 36–43, 119–120, ccxxiii-ccxxiv, pl. XLIII.7–10. RPC I, 938, 939 (227–228, cf. 225–226); BMCCyr 48b-c, ccvii-ccviii, ccxxv, pl. XLIV.5–6. RPC I, 940, 941 (228, cf. 225, 226); BMCCyr 44–48, 120–121, ccvii, ccxxiv-ccxxv, pl. XLIV.1–4. RPC I, 225, cf. 226, 227. RPC I, 946–949 (228); BMCCyr 49–52, 121, ccxxv-ccxxvi, pl. XLIV.7–10. T.V. Buttrey, The Roman Coinage of the Cyrenaica, first century BC to first century AD, in C.N.L. Brooke, B.H.I.H. Stewart, J.G. Pollard, T.R. Volk (eds), Studies in Numismatic Method Presented to Philip Grierson, Cambridge 1983, 29. PALAMEDES 5 (2010) 168 Countermarks on the coins struck in Cyrenaica Fig. 3. As (A) and semis (B) of Tiberius, struck in Cyrene. Private collection average weight – considering the still-scant number of specimens – can hardly be considered definite (cf. the scheme below).10 As opposed to the earlier issues of Cyrenaica, the coins struck under Tiberius did not carry names of officials; they also returned to Greek legends. The head of Drusus facing right was placed on the obverses of the dupondii and asses, while the obverse of the semisses featured a standing dromedary with a laurel wreath. Additionally, the coins of the highest denomination bore images of cult instruments popular in Roman coinage since the Republic: the lituus11 (in the left field) and the simpulum12 (in the right field), most probably to distinguish them from the asses (cf. below). The reverses of all denominations carried portraits of the sons of Drusus the Younger – the twins Tiberius and Germanicus. Recently M. Asolati published an unknown bronze coin in the collection of the Museum of Cyrene, struck for Drusus the Younger at the local mint.13 Its weight and diameter correspond rather to the semisses (3,80 g; 19,5 mm), while the imagery and legends were taken from the asses. It is to be hoped that further archaeological research will bring more speciFig. 4. Quarter of an as of Tiberius struck mens of this coin, so that we can learn the in Cyrene. Polish excavations in Ptolemais answer to the question if we are indeed dealing with the discovery of a new type of semis. A severely worn quarter of an as of Tiberius (Fig. 4) bears testimony to the fact that the local market of Cyrenaica 10 11 12 13 The weight alone of the dozen or so coins of Tiberius struck in Cyrenaica, documented by the author in the material from the Polish excavations at Ptolemais, in the collection housed at the local museum and in the Polish private collections, considerably changes the average data supplied by the RPC I (cf. scheme). H. Thédenat, ‘Lituus’, in Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines, vol. III 2 (1904), 1277–1278; K. Latte, ‘Lituus’ (2), RE XIII 1 (1926), coll. 805–806. E. Pottier, ‘Simpulum’, in Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines, vol. IV 2 (1911), 1345–1346; F. Leonhard, ‘Simpuvium’, RE III A 1 (1927), coll. 213–216. M. Asolati, ‘A proposito di alcune questioni di numismatica cirenaica’, Quaderni Ticinesi 38 (2009), 187–189, fig. 14. 169 PALAMEDES 5 (2010) Piotr Jaworski Based on: A. Burnett, M. Amandry, P.P. Ripollès, The Roman Provincial Coinage, vol. I.1, London–Paris 1992. was very much in need of petty bronze currency. The coin, found in Ptolemais by the Polish archaeological mission,14 is also an issue of Cyrene and seems to have been the equivalent of a semis (3,78 g). Considering that the latest cut bronzes from Cyrenaica are represented by the Roman issues of Caligula (in the material 14 Inv. no. cn/246/06. PALAMEDES 5 (2010) 170 Countermarks on the coins struck in Cyrenaica from the Polish excavations at Ptolemais the Vesta type15 dominates), an approximate dating that can be proposed for the cutting of the local coin of Tiberius found at Ptolemais is the 30s–40s of the first century A.D. Coins bearing the countermarks As mentioned in the introduction, currently available are four countermarked specimens of coins of Tiberius struck in Cyrene, of which three have recently been discovered (their basic parameters are given in the table below).1617 Table 1. No 1. Photograph Counter- Diameter -mark (mm) 25 Weight (g) 10,40 Axis Collection n Tolmeita (Libya), Museum at Ptolemais16 2. 27 9,47 n? Tolmeita (Libya), Museum at Ptolemais17 3. 26 11,80 n Warsaw, private collection All of them are bronze dupondii commemorating Drusus the Younger and his sons, Tiberius and Germanicus (= RPC I, 946). This is indicated, despite the severe wear of their surfaces and almost complete obliteration of the parts that carried the legend, by the metrological data and, in the case of the two specimens from the Polish excavations at Ptolemais, by the presence of the simpulum in the 15 16 17 RIC 38, 111. Inv. no. cn/094/06; mus. inv. 1041/346/72b. Inv. no. cn/168/06; mus. inv. 1047/346/72b; P. Jaworski, ‘Antyczne mennictwo Cyrenajki’, 35, fig. 27. 171 PALAMEDES 5 (2010) Piotr Jaworski right field. As for the third coin, the countermark was placed where this symbol had originally been located. It is noteworthy that when countermarking the Milan specimen (cf. Fig. 1), on which – despite the wear of the relief – the contour of the simpulum remained legible, it was decided not to obscure it with the countermark, but to place the new stamp above it. In the two specimens discovered at Ptolemais, in turn, the countermark was placed in the left field, in the spot originally occupied by the other symbol found on dupondii of Tiberius struck in Cyrene – the lituus. Thus, of the four specimens known today two have the countermark in the left field and two in the right field. The identification of the countermark A description of the countermark on a dupondius of Tiberius struck at Cyrene, based on the then-unique Milan specimen, was written by Christopher Howgego, who included it into the part of his work dealing with countermarks classified as ‘inanimate objects’. It reads as follows:18 ‘Lituus? (…) There is a lituus behind the head on some coins (e.g. BMC Cyrenaica p. 121, 49–50) and not on others (BMC 51). However, the type of the countermark is not certain. It is tempting to compare the P countermark on a coin of Tiberius from Italica in Baetica ([…], possibly on a coin of Malaca as well). If they were from the same group (more evidence is needed) they would be interesting evidence for the interchange of bronze coin between Africa and Spain (…)’. The material at our disposal today allows us to verify the above conclusions, which contain the correct but partial identification of the image. All the specimens of countermarked bronze coins of Tiberius struck in Cyrenaica known to date are dupondii worn by extended circulation, and the countermarks themselves are found on the obverse, in front of or behind the head of Drusus the Younger. This considered, it can be concluded that the image on the countermarks is a composition in a vertical oval, combining two abbreviated cult instruments: thelituus (above) and the simpulum (below), symbols allowing the identification of the highest denomination of bronze coins of Tiberius circulated in Cyrenaica. The motive used on coins from Cyrenaica is unparalleled among the countermarks occurring on coins issued by Greek mints in the Roman period, although the image of thelituus is known from coins of Augustus attributed to Apamea in Bithynia.19 18 19 GIC 419, loc. cit. GIC 418 (185, pl. 16). PALAMEDES 5 (2010) 172 Countermarks on the coins struck in Cyrenaica Apparent differences in the way the basic elements were combined to form the countermark motive point to the existence of at least three countermark dies that were Fig. 5. Countermark dies used to stamp used to stamp the obverses of the dupondii of the dupondii of Tiberius struck in Cyrene Tiberius (Fig. 5). It seems that these dies were not used simultaneously, but new ones were made when the old ones wore out. In the presented line-up of stamps, which is also a suggestion of their chronological arrangement, one observes a gradual disintegration of the composition initially inscribed in an oval, and the blurring of the original shape of the countermark. At this point it is worth pointing out that the specimen from the Polish excavations at Ptolemais (cf. table above – no. 2.), bears a countermark struck with the die used on the Milan coin (Fig. 6). The die used on these two specimens (cf. Fig. 5, 2), is characteristic for the lack of the lower contour of the simpulum. Fig. 6. Comparison of two specimens countermarked with the same die: A. Milan, B. Polish excavations in Ptolemais The above conclusions identifying the countermarks on the bronze coins of Tiberius struck in Cyrene as a fusion of images of two cult instruments into one graphic symbol, permit to refrain from looking for connections between the Roman coinage of Spain and Cyrenaica at this stage of research (at least based on the discussed countermarks). Function and dating In a discussion on the countermarking of coins of Tiberius minted at Cyrene it appears useful to recall the traits characteristic to all the specimens known to date: their surface is severely worn in circulation, they are dupondii, they have countermarks on the obverses, the images on the countermarks are the lituus and the simpulum. • • • • PALAMEDES 5 (2010) 173 Piotr Jaworski Based on these traits it can be concluded that the countermarks were applied to prolong the use of illegible specimens of the highest denomination of autonomous bronze currency. The practice of stamping countermarks on worn-out bronze coins was widespread in the first half of the first century A.D. both in the western part of the Empire20 and in the eastern provinces.21 It allowed keeping illegible coins in circulation without increasing the money stock.22 Next to producing imitations, or cutting larger denominations in order to obtain coins of lesser value, practices tolerated by the Roman authority, countermarking was one of the ways to minimise the consequences of the shortage of petty currency (issued in large numbers in Rome, but mostly to satisfy the needs of Italy) that affected the economic life of many provinces during the early Empire. The above practices were common in Gaul, when under Tiberius the production of bronze coins ceased at Lugdunum. A shortage of bronze currency also touched Spain after the liquidation of autonomous coinage under Caligula, and Britain, after it was incorporated into the Empire.23 In order to counter the shortage of petty currency in the Eastern part of the Empire, the earlier issues were circulated for a considerably long time (in Cyrenaica – mostly bronze Ptolemaic coins from the 2nd and early 1st century B.C.), and autonomous currency was issued (for instance at Cyrene – cf. above). There was also the practice of cutting the coins into halves or quarters.24 It functioned also in Cyrenaica,25 where, however, the production of imitation currency is unattested. The numismatic material from the excavations conducted at Ptolemais by the Polish mission in an insula located to the east of the Palazzo delle colonne26 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 The subject has an abundant bibliography, cf. i.a. C.M. Kraay, ‘The Behaviour of early imperial countermarks’, in R.A.G. Carson, C.H.V. Sutherland (eds), Essays in Roman Coinage Presented to Harold Mattingly, Oxford 1956, 113–136; T.V. Buttrey, ‘Observations on the Behaviour of Tiberian Counterstamps’, ANSMN 16 (1970), 57–68. The most important publication on countermarks on Greek coins of the Roman period is the monumental work by C.J. Howgego (GIC). A. Kunisz, Mennictwo w cesarstwie rzymskim w I w. n.e. [Coinage in the Roman Empire in the First Century CE], Katowice 1978, 72. Kunisz, Mennictwo, 70–71. A. Kunisz, Pieniądz zastępczy i jego rola w ekonomice państwa rzymskiego w początkach Cesarstwa (27 r. p.n.e.–68 r. n.e.) [Coinage of necessity and its role in the economic system of the early imperial Rome (27 B.C.-A.D. 68)], Katowice 1984; T.V. Buttrey, ‘Halved coins, the Augustan reform, and Horace, Odes I.3’, AJA 76 (1972), 31–48. Buttrey, The Roman coinage of the Cyrenaica, 30. P. Jaworski, ‘Antyczne mennictwo Cyrenajki. Polskie odkrycia numizmatyczne w Ptolemais’, in P. Jaworski (ed.), Skarb z Ptolemais. Katalog wystawy, Zamek Królewski w Warszawie, 15 grudnia 2008–15 stycznia 2009 [‘Ancient coinage of Cyrenaica. Polish coin finds from Ptolemais’, in P. Jaworski (ed), A hoard from Ptolemais. An exhibition catalogue, Royal Castle in Warsaw, Dec. 15th 2008-Jan. 15th 2009], Warszawa 2008, 32–37; P. Jaworski, ‘Ancient coins from the Warsaw University Institute of Archaeology excavations at Ptolemais, Libya (2002–2004)’, Archeologia 56 (2005), 77–90. PALAMEDES 5 (2010) 174 Countermarks on the coins struck in Cyrenaica Table 2. Polish excavations * Mint of Rome S Augustus Tiberius Gaius Claudius Nero Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian – – – – – – – 1 – 2 2 Dp – – – – – 2 – – – 3 2 As 1/2 (1) 1/2 (4) 1/2 (4) – – – – 3 – 1 3 1 1 9 S Mint of Cyrene Dp – 4 1/4 (1) As 1/2 (4) 1/4 (3) – 1 – – – – 4 1 2 2 24** 48 – 1 – – – – – 1? – 3+1? 1 Hoard sestertii Villa AE ** The denomination structure in the table follows RPC I. ** Among them are two sestertii struck in Rome for Cyrenaica. consists of ca. 1110 coins and a group of 568 sestertii found in 200627 (cf. table above: it includes the higher bronze denominations from mints in Rome and Cyrene). This assemblage, as well as the numismatic finds of the American mission (at the so-called Roman villa, ca. 120 bronze coins28), clearly demonstrates a shortage of larger denominations of bronze currency in this city in the first century A.D., especially under Claudius and Nero. Aside from the aforementioned phenomenon of insufficient inflow of coins minted at the capital, which was also characteristic for other provinces of the Empire, such a state of affairs must have been affected by the end of bronze currency production at the mint in Cyrene under Tiberius. The situation did not radically improve until Trajan, when bronze and silver currency was issued for Cyrenaica,29 and – as the coin hoard discovered at Ptolemais demonstrates – an abundance of coins from the mint of Rome came into circulation in Cyrenaica. 27 28 29 P. Jaworski, ‘A Hoard of Roman Coins from Ptolemais’, in E. Jastrzębowska, M. Niewójt (eds), Archeologia a Tolemaide. Giornate di studio in occasione del primo anniversario della morte di Tomasz Mikocki 27–28 maggio 2008 (Accademia Polacca delle Scienze Biblioteca e Centro di Studi a Roma, Conferenze 125), Roma 2009, 146–156. C.H. Kraeling, Ptolemais. City of the Libyan Pentapolis, Chicago 1962, 263–267. M. Asolati, I. Calliari, A. Conventi, C. Crisafulli, ‘Le emissioni provinciali di Traiano per la Cirenaica: nuove evidenze dalle indagini archeometriche e dall’analisi dei coni’, RIN 110 (2009), 317–364. 175 PALAMEDES 5 (2010) Piotr Jaworski The unfavourable economic situation of Cyrenaica in the early Imperial Period was also certainly affected by prolonged disputes between the citizens of Greek cities and the cities themselves with the Roman population and the provincial administration, regarding fiscal duties and the ownership of the agri Apionis.30 The conflict with the Roman authorities over land property also touched Ptolemais: In years 88–89 Domitian entrusted proconsul C. Pomponius Gallus Didius Rufus with a mission of reclaiming land appropriated by the city.31 The operation of countermarking the coins of Tiberius in Cyrene, an attempt to neutralise the effects of the shortage of bronze coins of the highest denomination, was most probably conducted by the initiative and under the control of the Roman provincial administration, probably in Cyrene. Based on the scant material available today it is difficult to evaluate the scale of this undertaking. It needs mention that among the finds from Cyrenaica one finds dupondii of Tiberius that do not carry countermarks (cf. Fig. 2 – C, D). Images on the countermark were symbols unambiguously identified with the Roman power, and at the same time they permitted to identify the worn-out coins with a specific denomination. That in the coinage of Cyrenaica at the start of the Roman rule certain motives were clearly assigned to particular denominations is also indicated by the snake placed on quadranses of Pupius Rufus,32 and then of Scato, or the dromedary which – according to Buttrey33 – was found on the semisses of Lollius and later Tiberius. It seems that the shortage of bronze currency in Cyrenaica, especially notable in Ptolemais under Claudius and Nero, was the immediate cause that triggered the process of countermarking the worn-out dupondii of Tiberius in order to extend their circulation. Unfortunately the context of both countermarked specimens uncovered at Ptolemais does not contribute to the dating – they were found in the fill of a late antique structure. Nevertheless it can be assumed that the practice of countermarking was in existence in the 40s–60s of the first century. Piotr Jaworski Translated by Dorota Dzierzbicka stefan.benito@wp.pl Institute of Archaeology University of Warsaw Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28 00-927 Warsaw, Poland 30 31 32 33 A. Laronde, ‘La Cyrénaïque romaine, des origines à la fin des Sévères (96 av. J.-C. – 235 ap. J.-C.)’, ANRW II 10.1 (1988), 1015–1018. Laronde, ‘La Cyrénaïque romaine’, loc. cit.; cf. Kraeling, Ptolemais, 11–14. P. Jaworski, ‘An unknown coin of Pupius Rufus struck in Cyrenaica’, Wiadomości Numizmatyczne, 53, 2009, 183–192. Buttrey, The Roman coinage of the Cyrenaica, 34. PALAMEDES 5 (2010) 176